{"id":5241,"date":"2026-09-13T15:10:27","date_gmt":"2026-09-13T13:10:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/vob-b-variation-claims-germany\/"},"modified":"2026-09-13T15:10:27","modified_gmt":"2026-09-13T13:10:27","slug":"vob-b-variation-claims-germany","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/vob-b-variation-claims-germany\/","title":{"rendered":"Variation claims and VOB\/B in Germany \u2013 BWLAW"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"progress\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\r\n  \"itemListElement\": [\r\n    { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 1, \"name\": \"Home\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/\" },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 2, \"name\": \"Construction law\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/practice-areas\/construction-law\/\" },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"ListItem\", \"position\": 3, \"name\": \"Variation claims and VOB\/B\", \"item\": \"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/vob-b-variation-claims-germany\/\" }\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"Service\",\r\n  \"serviceType\": \"Variation claims (Nachtr\u00e4ge), VOB\/B and construction accounts \u2013 German construction law for contractors\",\r\n  \"provider\": { \"@type\": \"LegalService\", \"name\": \"BWLAW \u2013 Kanzlei Dr. Barczewski & Dr. Wr\u00f3blewska GbR\", \"url\": \"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/\", \"telephone\": \"+49 335 553 10969\" },\r\n  \"areaServed\": { \"@type\": \"Country\", \"name\": \"Germany\" },\r\n  \"availableLanguage\": [\"en\", \"de\", \"pl\"],\r\n  \"url\": \"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/vob-b-variation-claims-germany\/\"\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<header>\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/\" class=\"brand\" aria-label=\"BWLAW \u2013 home\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/wp-content\/themes\/bwlaw-child-1\/assets\/img\/logo-bw.png\" alt=\"BWLAW \u2013 law firm in Germany\" width=\"42\" height=\"28\"><\/a>\r\n    <nav aria-label=\"Main navigation\">\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/practice-areas\/construction-law\/\" class=\"active\">Construction law<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/practice-areas\/debt-collection\/\">Debt collection<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/practice-areas\/company-formation\/\">Corporate law<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/practice-areas\/employment-law\/\">Employment law<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/defective-car-from-germany\/\">Cars<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/\">Knowledge base<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/#zespol\">Team<\/a>\r\n    <\/nav>\r\n    <a href=\"#kontakt\" class=\"btn\">Contact a lawyer <span class=\"arr\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\r\n    <button class=\"burger\" aria-label=\"Menu\">\u2630<\/button>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n<!-- HERO -->\r\n<section class=\"shero\">\r\n  <div class=\"glow\"><\/div>\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div>\r\n      <nav class=\"crumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumbs\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/\">Home<\/a><span>\/<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/practice-areas\/construction-law\/\">Construction law<\/a><span>\/<\/span><b>Variation claims and VOB\/B<\/b><\/nav>\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Variation claims \u00b7 VOB\/B \u00b7 construction accounts<\/span>\r\n      <h1>Variation claims and VOB\/B in Germany. <em>A changed scope means a new price, not a favour.<\/em><\/h1>\r\n      <p class=\"lead\">The client changes the design, adds work or moves the deadlines, and at the final invoice claims that all of it was covered by the lump sum? We help contractors and subcontractors working in Germany to give notice of, price and enforce claims for additional work (Nachtr\u00e4ge) under VOB\/B and BGB construction contracts, from the first letter on site to litigation. In English, German and Polish, across Germany.<\/p>\r\n      <div class=\"cta-row\">\r\n        <a href=\"#kontakt\" class=\"btn\">Send us the contract and the variation claim <span class=\"arr\">\u2192<\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"tel:+4933555310969\" class=\"btn ghost\" style=\"border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.5);color:#fff\">\u260e +49 335 553 10969<\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"badges\">\r\n        <span class=\"badge\">Nachtrag \u00b7 sec. 2 VOB\/B<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"badge\">Lump-sum price<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"badge\">Final invoice \u00b7 final payment<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"badge\">Hindrance \u00b7 standstill<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"ph rv\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/wp-content\/themes\/bwlaw-child-1\/assets\/img\/rozmowa-klient.webp\" alt=\"Lawyer discussing a VOB\/B contract and variation claims with a contractor\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" fetchpriority=\"high\" style=\"object-position:left center\"><\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- TYPICAL SITUATIONS -->\r\n<section class=\"sec\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Sound familiar?<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Disputes over additional work that companies bring to us<\/h2>\r\n      <p>The pattern is usually the same: the work was done because the site had to keep moving, and the argument about the price only starts at the final account.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"probs rv d1\">\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">01<\/span><b>\u201cThat was part of the scope\u201d<\/b><p>The client rejects the variation claim because, in its view, the work was covered by the bill of quantities (Leistungsverzeichnis). What decides the matter is the interpretation of the contract, drawings and specification, not who writes \u201cincluded\u201d first.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">02<\/span><b>Lump sum, but more work<\/b><p>A lump-sum contract (Pauschalpreisvertrag) does not close the door to additional payment. Changes instructed by the client are treated differently from mere quantity deviations without any instruction.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">03<\/span><b>Verbal instruction on site<\/b><p>The client\u2019s site manager says \u201cdo this as well\u201d, with no quote and no signature. Later it matters who gave the instruction, whether that person could act for the client and what was documented.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">04<\/span><b>Standstill and shifted deadlines<\/b><p>Missing drawings, late preceding trades (Vorunternehmer), a changed sequence of works. The crew stands idle, costs run, and the client announces a contractual penalty for delay.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">05<\/span><b>Notice of final payment<\/b><p>The client pays less than the final invoice shows and informs you that this is the final payment (Schlusszahlung). Under a VOB\/B contract, short deadlines for a reservation start running from that letter.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">06<\/span><b>Retention money withheld<\/b><p>The client deducts a percentage from every invoice and does not release the retention (Sicherheitseinbehalt) for years. Yet security is only owed where it was agreed (sec. 17 (1) no. 1 VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- MAP OF CLAIMS -->\r\n<section class=\"sec alt\" id=\"claims\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Map of claims<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Which provision fits your variation claim?<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Whether additional payment is owed, and how much, depends first on what actually happened on site. VOB\/B distinguishes several situations, each with its own requirements.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"probs rv d1\">\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">A<\/span><b>Design change or other instruction<\/b><p>Where a change to the design or another instruction of the client alters the basis of the price of a service provided for in the contract, a new price is to be agreed taking the additional or reduced costs into account, if possible before execution (sec. 2 (5) VOB\/B). The right to order design changes rests with the client (sec. 1 (3) VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">B<\/span><b>Work not provided for in the contract<\/b><p>For additional work demanded by the client the contractor is entitled to separate remuneration, but must give the client notice of the claim before starting the work (sec. 2 (6) no. 1 VOB\/B). Work that becomes necessary to complete the contractual services must as a rule be carried out on request, unless the contractor\u2019s business is not set up for it (sec. 1 (4) sentence 1 VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">C<\/span><b>Increased quantities under unit prices<\/b><p>In a unit-price contract (Einheitspreisvertrag) a deviation of up to 10 % leaves the unit price unchanged. For the excess above 10 % a new price is to be agreed on request (sec. 2 (3) nos. 1 and 2 VOB\/B). According to the Federal Court of Justice the actually required costs plus reasonable mark-ups are decisive, unless the parties agreed another method (judgment of 8 August 2019 \u2013 VII ZR 34\/18, BGHZ 223, 45).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">D<\/span><b>Lump-sum price<\/b><p>The lump sum remains unchanged as a rule. Changes instructed by the client are nevertheless governed by sec. 2 (4), (5) and (6) VOB\/B, also under a lump-sum contract (sec. 2 (7) no. 2 VOB\/B). Without an instruction, an adjustment comes into play where the work performed deviates so substantially from what was contracted that holding on to the lump sum is unreasonable (sec. 2 (7) no. 1 sentence 2 VOB\/B in conjunction with sec. 313 BGB). The Federal Court of Justice sets no fixed percentage threshold (judgment of 30 June 2011 \u2013 VII ZR 13\/10, BGHZ 190, 212).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">E<\/span><b>Work done without an order<\/b><p>Work performed without an order or in unilateral departure from it is as a rule not paid (sec. 2 (8) no. 1 VOB\/B). Payment is owed, however, where the client subsequently approves the work or where it was necessary to perform the contract, corresponded to the client\u2019s presumed intention and was notified without delay (sec. 2 (8) no. 2 VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">F<\/span><b>Contract without VOB\/B<\/b><p>Under a construction contract governed by the BGB alone, the parties first seek agreement and the contractor submits a quote for the additional or reduced remuneration (sec. 650b (1) BGB). If no agreement is reached within 30 days of receipt of the change request, the client may order the change in text form (sec. 650b (2) BGB). The additional remuneration is calculated from the actually required costs plus reasonable mark-ups for overheads, risk and profit, or from an original cost calculation deposited as agreed (Urkalkulation, sec. 650c (1) and (2) BGB).<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"hl rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Before the crew starts<\/span>\r\n      <h3>The advance notice is the cheapest document on site<\/h3>\r\n      <p>Sec. 2 (6) no. 1 sentence 2 VOB\/B stipulates that the claim for separate remuneration must be notified before the work begins. The provision requires no particular form, but without an e-mail or letter it is hard to prove later that notice was given. Its absence is not always fatal: the Federal Court of Justice has awarded payment even without notice, for instance where both parties assumed from the outset that the work would be paid for, or where the client could not have been in any doubt about it in the circumstances (judgment of 23 May 1996 \u2013 VII ZR 245\/94, BGHZ 133, 44). Nobody should rely on those exceptions. A notification of concerns about the design (Bedenkenanmeldung, sec. 4 (3) VOB\/B) and the notice of remuneration are two different letters with different effects.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"mini-cta rv\"><b>You have a change instruction and the work has not started yet?<\/b><span style=\"color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:.92rem\">Send it to us together with the contract. We will draft the notice and the variation quote in German before the crew enters the site.<\/span><a href=\"#kontakt\" class=\"btn\">Send for review <span class=\"arr\">\u2192<\/span><\/a><\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"chips rv\">\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/vob-b-german-construction-contract\/\">VOB\/B guide \u2192<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/extra-work-nachtrag-german-construction\/\">How to price additional work \u2192<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/bedenkenanmeldung\/\">Bedenkenanmeldung \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- CASH DURING CONSTRUCTION -->\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"during-construction\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Cash during construction<\/span>\r\n      <h2>How not to finance the client while the price is in dispute<\/h2>\r\n      <p>A dispute over the amount of a variation claim can outlast the project itself. German law gives the contractor tools that work before any judgment, provided a specific quote was submitted first.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"steps rv d1\">\r\n      <div class=\"stp\"><div><b>80 % of the quoted amount in interim invoices<\/b><p>Where the parties have not agreed on the amount, the contractor may include 80 % of the additional remuneration stated in its quote under sec. 650b (1) sentence 2 BGB in interim payments. If less turns out to be owed, the excess is repaid with interest (sec. 650c (3) BGB).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"stp\"><div><b>Fast-track proceedings in court<\/b><p>In disputes over the right to order changes and the price adjustment, an interim injunction (einstweilige Verf\u00fcgung) after the start of construction does not require the urgency to be substantiated (sec. 650d BGB). The Higher Regional Court of Celle applied sec. 650c (3) and sec. 650d BGB to a VOB\/B contract as well, but held that vague calculations of the additional remuneration are not enough, and a long delay in filing can rebut the presumption of urgency (judgment of 14 May 2025 \u2013 14 U 238\/24, NJW 2026, 236).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"stp\"><div><b>Payment security under sec. 650f BGB<\/b><p>The contractor may demand security for unpaid remuneration, including from additional orders, plus 10 % for ancillary claims. After a reasonable deadline expires without result, it may refuse further performance or terminate the contract (sec. 650f (1) and (5) BGB). The contract cannot restrict this right (sec. 650f (7) BGB). Exceptions apply among others to public clients against whom insolvency proceedings are inadmissible, and to consumers under consumer construction and property developer contracts (sec. 650f (6) BGB).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"stp\"><div><b>Walking off site on your own is a risk<\/b><p>Stopping work merely because the client does not accept the price of the variation can backfire on the contractor. We build lawful pressure through the quote, interim invoices, the demand for security and deadlines.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"chips rv\">\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/interim-payment-injunction-german-construction\/\">Interim injunction for variation payments \u2192<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/termination-construction-contract-germany\/\">Terminating a construction contract \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- FINAL INVOICE AND FINAL PAYMENT -->\r\n<section class=\"sec alt\" id=\"final-invoice\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Final account<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Final invoice and final payment: where most variation claims are lost<\/h2>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"probs rv d1\">\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">01<\/span><b>Due date: acceptance and a verifiable final invoice<\/b><p>Under a BGB construction contract the remuneration falls due once the works have been accepted (or acceptance is dispensable under sec. 641 (2) BGB) and a verifiable final invoice (pr\u00fcff\u00e4hige Schlussrechnung) has been issued. The invoice is deemed verifiable if the client does not raise substantiated objections within 30 days of receipt (sec. 650g (4) BGB). Under VOB\/B the final payment falls due no later than 30 days after receipt of the final invoice, and the client can no longer rely on a lack of verifiability unless it raised that objection with reasons within that period (sec. 16 (3) no. 1 VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">02<\/span><b>All variations in one account<\/b><p>The final invoice closes the account for the project. The safest course is to include every variation, every price adjustment and all standstill costs, including the disputed ones, and to label them clearly.<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">03<\/span><b>The final-payment trap (VOB\/B)<\/b><p>Accepting the final payment without reservation excludes further claims if the client informed the contractor in writing of the final payment and pointed out that effect. A written, final refusal of further payments with reference to payments already made has the same effect. Claims raised earlier but still open, such as rejected variations, are also caught unless they are reserved again (sec. 16 (3) nos. 2 to 4 VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">28<\/span><b>28 + 28 days for the reservation<\/b><p>The reservation (Vorbehalt) must be declared within 28 days of receipt of the notice of final payment. Within a further 28 days a verifiable invoice for the reserved claims must be submitted or, where that is impossible, the reservation must be substantiated in detail, otherwise it lapses (sec. 16 (3) no. 5 VOB\/B). The deadlines do not apply to the correction of measurement, arithmetical and transcription errors (sec. 16 (3) no. 6 VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"hl rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Does this trap apply to your contract?<\/span>\r\n      <h3>It depends on how VOB\/B found its way into the contract<\/h3>\r\n      <p>Individual VOB\/B clauses escape the review applied to standard terms only where VOB\/B was incorporated into a contract with a business in the version current at conclusion, as a whole and without changes to its content (sec. 310 (1) sentence 3 BGB). The contract templates of German general contractors frequently modify VOB\/B. Whether the exclusion in sec. 16 (3) no. 2 VOB\/B operates in a given contract can only be assessed on the whole contract. Until then, act as if it does: a reservation filed within 28 days costs less than a dispute about its absence.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"chips rv\">\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/final-invoice-schlussrechnung\/\">Final invoice step by step \u2192<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/acceptance-construction-works-germany\/\">Acceptance of construction works \u2192<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/compensation-terminated-construction-contract-germany\/\">Accounts after termination \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- HINDRANCES -->\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"hindrances\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Standstill and deadlines<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Hindrances on site: give notice immediately and in writing<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Standstill costs and an extended completion date can only be claimed if the hindrance was documented at the moment it occurred.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"probs rv d1\">\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">01<\/span><b>Notice of hindrance without delay<\/b><p>A contractor who considers itself hindered in the proper execution of the works must notify the client in writing without delay. Without notice, hindering circumstances are only taken into account if both the fact and its hindering effect were obviously known to the client (sec. 6 (1) VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">02<\/span><b>Extension of time and damages<\/b><p>Completion periods are extended to the extent that the hindrance was caused by a circumstance within the client\u2019s sphere of risk (sec. 6 (2) no. 1 (a) VOB\/B). Where one party is responsible for the hindering circumstances, the other may claim compensation for the loss it proves (sec. 6 (6) VOB\/B). If an interruption lasts longer than three months, either party may terminate the contract in writing (sec. 6 (7) VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"prob\"><span class=\"no\">03<\/span><b>Concerns about the design and materials<\/b><p>Concerns about the intended method of execution, materials or components supplied by the client, or the work of other contractors must be communicated to the client in writing without delay, if possible before work starts. The client remains responsible for its specifications, instructions and supplies (sec. 4 (3) VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"chips rv\">\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/construction-delay-claims-germany\/\">Construction delay claims in Germany \u2192<\/a>\r\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/knowledge-base\/contractor-termination-643-bgb\/\">Termination by the contractor under sec. 643 BGB \u2192<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- HOW WE WORK -->\r\n<section class=\"sec alt\" id=\"how-we-work\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">How we work<\/span>\r\n      <h2>From the first letter on site to the final account<\/h2>\r\n      <p>Not every step is needed in every case. The most can be achieved before the additional work is carried out.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"steps rv d1\">\r\n      <div class=\"stp\"><div><b>Reviewing the contract and the scope<\/b><p>Contract, bill of quantities, drawings, minutes and correspondence. We establish what was owed (Bausoll), whether VOB\/B was incorporated unchanged and which type of remuneration applies. You know the cost of our work before instructing us.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"stp\"><div><b>Notice, quote, notifications<\/b><p>We draft in German the notice of remuneration, the variation quote with its calculation, notices of hindrance and reservations, so that the requirements and deadlines under VOB\/B and the BGB are met.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"stp\"><div><b>Pressure during construction<\/b><p>Interim invoices with 80 % of the quoted additional remuneration, a demand for security under sec. 650f BGB and, where necessary, an application for an interim injunction.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"stp\"><div><b>Final account, reservation, litigation<\/b><p>Final invoice including all variations, reservation after the final payment, negotiations with the general contractor or the employer, and representation before courts across Germany.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- WHO HANDLES YOUR CASE + TESTIMONIAL (quote as on \/en\/practice-areas\/construction-law\/) -->\r\n<section class=\"sec\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Who handles your case<\/span>\r\n      <h2>We know variations under lump-sum contracts from research and from the courtroom<\/h2>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"lawyer rv d1\" style=\"margin-bottom:1.6rem\">\r\n      <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/wp-content\/themes\/bwlaw-child-1\/assets\/img\/dr-artur-barczewski.webp\" alt=\"Dr. Artur Barczewski \u2013 Rechtsanwalt and attorney-at-law\" width=\"96\" height=\"96\" loading=\"lazy\">\r\n      <div>\r\n        <b>Dr. Artur Barczewski<\/b>\r\n        <div class=\"role\">Rechtsanwalt \u00b7 attorney-at-law<\/div>\r\n        <p>His doctoral thesis at the European University Viadrina deals with the exclusion of claims for additional work in lump-sum construction contracts (under Polish law, published as a book in Germany in 2021). He handles disputes of construction companies over variations, lump-sum accounts and final invoices.<\/p>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nomos-shop.de\/de\/p\/der-ausschluss-von-nachtraegen-in-pauschalpreisbauvertraegen-nach-polnischem-recht-gr-978-3-8487-8035-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See the publication \u2192<\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"case rv d1\">\r\n      <div class=\"case-body\">\r\n        <span class=\"tag\">After the review you will know<\/span>\r\n        <h3>A concrete answer instead of \u201cwe will see in court\u201d<\/h3>\r\n        <ul class=\"case-facts\">\r\n          <li>whether the work went beyond the agreed scope<\/li>\r\n          <li>on which basis to claim additional payment, under VOB\/B or the BGB, and which requirements must be met<\/li>\r\n          <li>how to calculate the additional remuneration and which documents are missing<\/li>\r\n          <li>which deadlines you must not miss<\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <blockquote>\r\n        <div class=\"stars\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605<\/div>\r\n        <p>\u201cA German general contractor owed us a six-figure amount. We got a clear plan, tough negotiations \u2014 and the money before trial.\u201d<\/p>\r\n        <cite><b>Sylwia Heller, MHR Montage GmbH<\/b>Client testimonial<\/cite>\r\n      <\/blockquote>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- FAQ -->\r\n<section class=\"sec alt\" id=\"faq\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Frequently asked questions<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Variation claims and VOB\/B \u2013 questions from contractors<\/h2>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"faq-list rv d1\">\r\n      <div class=\"qa open\">\r\n        <button aria-expanded=\"true\">Must additional work be ordered in writing?<span class=\"pl\">+<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div><p>VOB\/B does not make the claims under sec. 2 (5) and (6) dependent on a written instruction. Under a BGB construction contract, the client\u2019s order after the 30-day period requires text form, so an e-mail is sufficient (sec. 650b (2) BGB). Many general contractors\u2019 contracts, however, impose their own form requirements. Whether such a clause is valid, we check against the specific contract. Regardless of that, record every instruction: who, when, what and on the basis of which drawing.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"qa\">\r\n        <button aria-expanded=\"false\">I have a lump-sum contract. Can I claim additional payment for extra work?<span class=\"pl\">+<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div><p>Yes, if the client changed the design, gave another instruction or demanded work not provided for in the contract. The rules of sec. 2 (4), (5) and (6) VOB\/B apply under a lump-sum contract as well (sec. 2 (7) no. 2 VOB\/B). It is harder where the work grew without any instruction, for example because the quantities turned out larger than assumed. Then an adjustment requires that holding on to the lump sum is unreasonable (sec. 2 (7) no. 1 sentence 2 VOB\/B in conjunction with sec. 313 BGB), and the Federal Court of Justice sets no fixed percentage threshold (judgment of 30 June 2011 \u2013 VII ZR 13\/10).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"qa\">\r\n        <button aria-expanded=\"false\">I did not give notice of the remuneration before starting. Is the claim lost?<span class=\"pl\">+<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div><p>Not necessarily. The notice under sec. 2 (6) no. 1 sentence 2 VOB\/B concerns additional services, and the Federal Court of Justice has awarded payment without it, for instance where both parties assumed from the outset that the work would be paid for or where the client could not have been in any doubt about it (judgment of 23 May 1996 \u2013 VII ZR 245\/94). For a change to work provided for in the contract (sec. 2 (5) VOB\/B) the provision requires no notice. The outcome turns on the evidence from the construction period.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"qa\">\r\n        <button aria-expanded=\"false\">How is the price of a variation calculated?<span class=\"pl\">+<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div><p>For quantity increases above 10 % in a unit-price contract the Federal Court of Justice applies the actually required costs plus reasonable mark-ups, unless the parties agreed another method (judgment of 8 August 2019 \u2013 VII ZR 34\/18). The Berlin Court of Appeal (Kammergericht) applies the same approach to sec. 2 (5) and (6) VOB\/B while noting that the question is disputed (judgment of 18 July 2025 \u2013 21 U 176\/24, NZBau 2026, 47, appeal to the Federal Court of Justice pending). Under a BGB construction contract the method is set out in sec. 650c (1) BGB, and an original cost calculation deposited as agreed is the alternative (sec. 650c (2) BGB). Before you send a quote, check what your contract provides on calculation and mark-ups.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"qa\">\r\n        <button aria-expanded=\"false\">The client does not respond to the quote, but the work has to go on. What should I do?<span class=\"pl\">+<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div><p>Do not stop the work on your own initiative. Document the instruction and the quote, include 80 % of the quoted additional remuneration in an interim invoice (sec. 650c (3) BGB) and consider a demand for security under sec. 650f BGB. In urgent cases the court may issue an interim injunction without substantiation of urgency (sec. 650d BGB), but the quote must be specific and verifiable (Higher Regional Court of Celle, judgment of 14 May 2025 \u2013 14 U 238\/24).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"qa\">\r\n        <button aria-expanded=\"false\">I received a letter saying this is the final payment. What do I have to do?<span class=\"pl\">+<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div><p>Note the date of receipt and, within 28 days, declare a reservation covering every unpaid item, including variations rejected earlier, preferably in writing with proof of delivery. Within the following 28 days, submit a verifiable invoice for the reserved claims or substantiate the reservation in detail (sec. 16 (3) no. 5 VOB\/B). Send us the letter straight away, because the deadlines are short.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"qa\">\r\n        <button aria-expanded=\"false\">The client deducts retention from every invoice. Is that allowed?<span class=\"pl\">+<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div><p>Only if security (Sicherheitsleistung) was agreed (sec. 17 (1) no. 1 VOB\/B). Where security is retained from payments, VOB\/B allows each payment to be reduced by no more than 10 % until the agreed amount of security is reached (sec. 17 (6) no. 1 sentence 1 VOB\/B). Unused security for defect claims must be returned after two years unless another date was agreed, and an appropriate part may be retained for claims that have been raised but not yet settled (sec. 17 (8) no. 2 VOB\/B).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"qa\">\r\n        <button aria-expanded=\"false\">Do you act for companies across Germany and in English?<span class=\"pl\">+<\/span><\/button>\r\n        <div class=\"ans\"><div><p>Yes. The firm is based in Frankfurt (Oder) and represents construction companies before courts throughout Germany. We communicate with you in English, German or Polish, and we draft the letters to the client and to the court in German. You know the cost before instructing us.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Must additional work be ordered in writing?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"VOB\/B does not make the claims under sec. 2 (5) and (6) dependent on a written instruction. Under a BGB construction contract, the client\u2019s order after the 30-day period requires text form, so an e-mail is sufficient (sec. 650b (2) BGB). Many general contractors\u2019 contracts, however, impose their own form requirements. Whether such a clause is valid, we check against the specific contract. Regardless of that, record every instruction: who, when, what and on the basis of which drawing.\" } },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"I have a lump-sum contract. Can I claim additional payment for extra work?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, if the client changed the design, gave another instruction or demanded work not provided for in the contract. The rules of sec. 2 (4), (5) and (6) VOB\/B apply under a lump-sum contract as well (sec. 2 (7) no. 2 VOB\/B). It is harder where the work grew without any instruction, for example because the quantities turned out larger than assumed. Then an adjustment requires that holding on to the lump sum is unreasonable (sec. 2 (7) no. 1 sentence 2 VOB\/B in conjunction with sec. 313 BGB), and the Federal Court of Justice sets no fixed percentage threshold (judgment of 30 June 2011 \u2013 VII ZR 13\/10).\" } },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"I did not give notice of the remuneration before starting. Is the claim lost?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not necessarily. The notice under sec. 2 (6) no. 1 sentence 2 VOB\/B concerns additional services, and the Federal Court of Justice has awarded payment without it, for instance where both parties assumed from the outset that the work would be paid for or where the client could not have been in any doubt about it (judgment of 23 May 1996 \u2013 VII ZR 245\/94). For a change to work provided for in the contract (sec. 2 (5) VOB\/B) the provision requires no notice. The outcome turns on the evidence from the construction period.\" } },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How is the price of a variation calculated?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"For quantity increases above 10 % in a unit-price contract the Federal Court of Justice applies the actually required costs plus reasonable mark-ups, unless the parties agreed another method (judgment of 8 August 2019 \u2013 VII ZR 34\/18). The Berlin Court of Appeal (Kammergericht) applies the same approach to sec. 2 (5) and (6) VOB\/B while noting that the question is disputed (judgment of 18 July 2025 \u2013 21 U 176\/24, NZBau 2026, 47, appeal to the Federal Court of Justice pending). Under a BGB construction contract the method is set out in sec. 650c (1) BGB, and an original cost calculation deposited as agreed is the alternative (sec. 650c (2) BGB). Before you send a quote, check what your contract provides on calculation and mark-ups.\" } },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The client does not respond to the quote, but the work has to go on. What should I do?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Do not stop the work on your own initiative. Document the instruction and the quote, include 80 % of the quoted additional remuneration in an interim invoice (sec. 650c (3) BGB) and consider a demand for security under sec. 650f BGB. In urgent cases the court may issue an interim injunction without substantiation of urgency (sec. 650d BGB), but the quote must be specific and verifiable (Higher Regional Court of Celle, judgment of 14 May 2025 \u2013 14 U 238\/24).\" } },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"I received a letter saying this is the final payment. What do I have to do?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Note the date of receipt and, within 28 days, declare a reservation covering every unpaid item, including variations rejected earlier, preferably in writing with proof of delivery. Within the following 28 days, submit a verifiable invoice for the reserved claims or substantiate the reservation in detail (sec. 16 (3) no. 5 VOB\/B). Send us the letter straight away, because the deadlines are short.\" } },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"The client deducts retention from every invoice. Is that allowed?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Only if security (Sicherheitsleistung) was agreed (sec. 17 (1) no. 1 VOB\/B). Where security is retained from payments, VOB\/B allows each payment to be reduced by no more than 10 % until the agreed amount of security is reached (sec. 17 (6) no. 1 sentence 1 VOB\/B). Unused security for defect claims must be returned after two years unless another date was agreed, and an appropriate part may be retained for claims that have been raised but not yet settled (sec. 17 (8) no. 2 VOB\/B).\" } },\r\n    { \"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Do you act for companies across Germany and in English?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": { \"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. The firm is based in Frankfurt (Oder) and represents construction companies before courts throughout Germany. We communicate with you in English, German or Polish, and we draft the letters to the client and to the court in German. You know the cost before instructing us.\" } }\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<!-- CONTACT (form -> admin-post bwlaw_contact, contact styles inline as on 4933\/5237) -->\r\n<section class=\"sec\" id=\"kontakt\">\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"sec-head rv\">\r\n      <span class=\"eyebrow\">Case review<\/span>\r\n      <h2>Send us the contract, the variation claim or the client\u2019s letter \u2013 we usually reply within one business day<\/h2>\r\n      <p style=\"color:var(--ink-soft);max-width:62ch;margin-top:.8rem\">Tell us briefly which type of contract it is (VOB\/B, lump sum, unit prices), what the client instructed and how far the account has progressed. If you received a notice of final payment, give the date of receipt. You know the cost before instructing us.<\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <style>\r\n    #kontakt .k-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.05fr .75fr;gap:1.8rem;margin-top:2.2rem;align-items:start}\r\n    @media(max-width:900px){#kontakt .k-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\r\n    #kontakt .cform{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:20px;padding:1.8rem;box-shadow:0 18px 44px rgba(22,21,19,.07)}\r\n    #kontakt .cform label{display:block;font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--ink-soft);margin:0 0 .35rem}\r\n    #kontakt .cform input,#kontakt .cform textarea{width:100%;background:var(--ivory);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;color:var(--ink);padding:.85rem 1rem;font-family:inherit;font-size:.95rem;margin-bottom:1.1rem}\r\n    #kontakt .cform input:focus,#kontakt .cform textarea:focus{outline:none;border-color:var(--terra)}\r\n    #kontakt .cform textarea{min-height:120px;resize:vertical}\r\n    #kontakt .optin{display:flex;gap:.95rem;align-items:flex-start;font-size:.8rem;color:var(--ink-soft);margin:.2rem 0 1.2rem;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.5}\r\n    #kontakt .optin input{margin-top:.2rem;margin-right:.1rem;width:17px;height:17px;accent-color:var(--terra);flex:0 0 auto;cursor:pointer}\r\n    #kontakt .optin a{color:var(--terra);font-weight:600}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:20px;padding:1.7rem}\r\n    #kontakt .k-person{display:flex;gap:1rem;align-items:center;padding:.8rem 0;text-decoration:none;color:inherit}\r\n    #kontakt .k-person img{width:72px;height:72px;border-radius:16px;object-fit:cover;object-position:top;flex:0 0 auto}\r\n    #kontakt .k-person+.k-person{border-top:1px solid var(--line)}\r\n    #kontakt .k-person b{transition:color .25s}\r\n    #kontakt .k-person:hover b{color:var(--terra)}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side .pre{font-family:var(--font-accent);font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--terra);margin:0 0 .4rem}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side b{font-family:var(--font-head);font-size:1.02rem;display:block}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side .role{font-size:.76rem;color:var(--ink-soft);margin:.15rem 0 0}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side p{font-size:.92rem;color:var(--ink-soft);line-height:1.65}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:1.1rem 0 .4rem;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.55rem}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side li{font-size:.88rem;color:var(--ink-soft);padding-left:1.4rem;position:relative}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side li:before{content:'\u2713';position:absolute;left:0;color:var(--terra);font-weight:700}\r\n    #kontakt .k-side .tel{display:inline-block;margin-top:.5rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--terra);text-decoration:none;font-size:1.05rem}\r\n    <\/style>\r\n    <div class=\"k-grid\">\r\n      <form class=\"cform rv d1\" method=\"post\" action=\"\/wp-admin\/admin-post.php\">\r\n        <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"action\" value=\"bwlaw_contact\">\r\n        <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"bwlang\" value=\"en\">\r\n        <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"topic\" value=\"vob-b-variation-claims\">\r\n        <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"bwback\" value=\"\/en\/vob-b-variation-claims-germany\/\">\r\n        <input type=\"text\" name=\"bw_website\" value=\"\" tabindex=\"-1\" autocomplete=\"off\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"position:absolute;left:-9999px;height:0;overflow:hidden\">\r\n        <label for=\"k-name\">Name \/ company<\/label>\r\n        <input id=\"k-name\" type=\"text\" name=\"name\" autocomplete=\"organization\">\r\n        <label for=\"k-email\">E-mail<\/label>\r\n        <input id=\"k-email\" type=\"email\" name=\"email\" autocomplete=\"email\" required aria-required=\"true\">\r\n        <label for=\"k-phone\">Phone<\/label>\r\n        <input id=\"k-phone\" type=\"tel\" name=\"phone\" autocomplete=\"tel\" required aria-required=\"true\">\r\n        <label for=\"k-msg\">Your case<\/label>\r\n        <textarea id=\"k-msg\" name=\"message\" required aria-required=\"true\" placeholder=\"E.g. lump-sum contract with a general contractor, VOB\/B, changed slab design, variation of EUR 38,000 rejected, notice of final payment received two weeks ago\u2026\"><\/textarea>\r\n        <label class=\"optin\"><input type=\"checkbox\" required name=\"rodo\" aria-required=\"true\"><span>I have read the <a href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/privacy-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">privacy information<\/a> and consent to being contacted about my enquiry.<\/span><\/label>\r\n        <button class=\"btn\" type=\"submit\">Send \u2014 we usually reply within one business day <span class=\"arr\">\u2192<\/span><\/button>\r\n      <\/form>\r\n      <aside class=\"k-side rv d2\">\r\n        <p class=\"pre\">Your contacts at BWLAW<\/p>\r\n        <a class=\"k-person\" href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/team\/artur-barczewski\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/wp-content\/themes\/bwlaw-child-1\/assets\/img\/dr-artur-barczewski.webp\" alt=\"Dr. Artur Barczewski\" width=\"72\" height=\"72\" loading=\"lazy\"><span><b>Dr. Artur Barczewski<\/b><span class=\"role\">Rechtsanwalt \u00b7 attorney-at-law<\/span><\/span><\/a>\r\n        <a class=\"k-person\" href=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/en\/team\/karolina-wroblewska\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/wp-content\/themes\/bwlaw-child-1\/assets\/img\/dr-karolina-wroblewska.webp\" alt=\"Dr. Karolina Wr\u00f3blewska\" width=\"72\" height=\"72\" loading=\"lazy\"><span><b>Dr. Karolina Wr\u00f3blewska<\/b><span class=\"role\">Rechtsanw\u00e4ltin \u00b7 attorney-at-law<\/span><\/span><\/a>\r\n        <ul>\r\n          <li>Notices, variation quotes and notifications drafted in German<\/li>\r\n          <li>Reservations after final payment filed on time<\/li>\r\n          <li>Disputes with general contractors and employers<\/li>\r\n          <li>Office in Frankfurt (Oder), cases across Germany<\/li>\r\n        <\/ul>\r\n        <a class=\"tel\" href=\"tel:+4933555310969\">+49 335 553 10969<\/a>\r\n      <\/aside>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<footer>\r\n  <div class=\"wrap\">\r\n    <div class=\"foot-grid\">\r\n      <div>\r\n        <div class=\"foot-brand\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bwlaw.de\/wp-content\/themes\/bwlaw-child-1\/assets\/img\/logo-bw.png\" alt=\"Logo BWLAW\" width=\"38\" height=\"26\"><\/div>\r\n        <p>Kanzlei Dr. Barczewski &amp; Dr. Wr\u00f3blewska GbR<br>Rudolf-Breitscheid-Stra\u00dfe 10<br>15230 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany<br><a href=\"tel:+4933555310969\">+49 335 553 10969<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"mailto:info@bwlaw.de\">info@bwlaw.de<\/a><\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n      <div>\r\n        <div class=\"foot-h\">Practice areas<\/div>\r\n        <ul>\r\n          <li><a 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The client changes the design, adds work or moves the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-bwlaw-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":"","rank_math_title":"VOB\/B Variation Claims in Germany \u2013 Construction Law | BWLAW","rank_math_description":"Variation claim rejected, lump-sum price, final invoice, site delays? 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